FST 102/1042  GENERAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT –I

Chemical Bonds and Molecules :Characteristics of covalent bond, Ionic Bond, Co-ordinate Bond, Vanderwaal, Hydrogen-Bond, & Metallic Bond, Factors affecting the formation of Ionic/Covalent compounds, Born Haber Cycle, Fajan's Rule, Shapes of Molecules, Bond Length, Bond order, Bond Angle. Concept of Resonance, Valence Bond theory (Hybridisation). VSEPR concept, structure of water.

UNIT-II

Radioactivity: Natural & Artificial Radioactivity, Group Displacement Law, Rate of Disintegration & Half Life Period, Mass Defect and Binding Energy, Nuclear Fission & Fusion, Applications of Radioactivity, Nuclear Force & Nuclear Stability, Disintegration series.  

UNIT- III

Periodic Table :Modern Periodic Table, Periodicity in properties of elements, atomic radii, ionic and covalent radii, ionization energy, Electronegativity, Electron-Affinity, Lanthanide contraction, Inert pair effect. Acid and Bases: Elementary idea of  Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concept of acids and basis (Proton-donor acceptor and electron-donor acceptor systems). Relative strengths of Lewis acids and bases and the effect of substituents and the solvent on them. Concept of leveling and differentiating solvents. Hard Soft Acid base (HSAB). General Properties of 3rd elements and co-ordination compounds. Position in Periodic Table. General properties of 3-A elements.

 UNIT- IV

Molecular compounds, IUPAC Nomenclature, Werner's Co-ordination theory, EAN Rule, Isomerism in Co-ordination compounds, Discussion of VBT and CFT. Role of tracer elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Mo Fo, Cr, Mo, Co).Wholer's synthesis of Urea, concept of functional group, nomenclature and Isomerism, Homolytic and Heterolytic Fission. Types of reaction (addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement) resonance vs tautomerim, Aldol condensation ,Hoffman-bromide reactions, Pinacol-Pinacolone rearrangement, Beckmann rearrangement, Cannizzaro reaction, Friedel-Craft reaction, orientation in Benzene (Disubstitution) Reactive Intermediates (Carbonium Ion, Carbonian, Free Radical Carbons). Stereochemistry : Structural Isomerism (Introduction_ Optical activity and optical isomerism, Asymmetric carbon atom, geometrical isomers, Chirality, Chiral Molecules, Relative and Absolute configuration (R/s designation, E/z nomenclature, as applied to simpler structures) Isomers of lactic acid, Tartaric Acid structure and confiquration of Glucose, Cyclic Hemi-Acetal Form of Glucose (Fischer and Haworth Projection).

UNIT- V

Chemical-Kinetics : Velocity of a reaction, Law of Mass Action, determination of rate constants for first and second order reactions. Order and Molecularity, General methods to determine the order of reaction, effect of temp., pressure, catalyst, activated complex (Collision theory of Bimolecular reactions).Chemical Equilibrium: Reversible reactions, equilibrium law, equilibrium constant, ionic equilibrium factors influencing equilibrium states, Relation between Kp and Kc, Buffer solution, Hydrolysis of salt, pH, Ksp, Common Ion effect. Surface tension, viscosity, their experimental determination and applications principles of fractional and steam distillation and solvent extraction. Nernst Distribution law.Electrochemistry : Emf of a cell, Galvanic cells, standard electrodes potential, types of electrodes, pH and its measurement, Acid-Base Titration curves, electrochemical series.